“I believe that if all Germans cycled, they would lose their dull sensuality and be happier and more agreeable.” (Ricarda Huch to Richard Huch 1896)[1.Huch, Ricarda: Du mein Dämon, meine Schlange…letter to Richard Huch 1887 – 1897, P. 612, cited by Reiß, Florian Nikolaus: Vom Radfahren in Bremen – Die Bremer Fahrradgeschichte bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, in: Bremisches Jahrbuch, Band 94, 2015, P. 149f]
“In no other city in Germany, are cyclists treated as humanely as here in Bremen” (German Bicycle Association meeting in Bremen 1897)[2.Cited by Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 162]
Bremer Bicycle History Part 1: 19th century to early 20th century
One glance at Bremen, and you soon realise the importance of the bicycle. In Bremen so many people ride bikes. How come? Is it a Bremer tradition, its culture or the result of its flat topography? In the past we have put this question to a range of experts, including the city’s traffic department, and have still to receive a definitive answer.”This has always been so, Bremen has always been a cycling city”, is the most popular response. Yet a comprehensive understanding of why cycling is so important to Bremen would surely help answer a contemporary policy issue: “How can we get more people on the bike, as we lure them out of the car?”
The First Bicycles: Michaulinen, Velocipeden and the Ordinary
Following the World Exhibition in Paris in 1867, the first wooden Michaulinen appeared in Bremen’s parks along the route of the old city wall.[3.See Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 132] They were commonly referred to as “quick feet” or “Velocipeden”[4.Schwarzwälder, Herbert: Geschichte der Freien Hansestadt Bremen II, Von der Franzosenzeit bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg (1810 – 1918), Bremen, extended edition 1995, P. 484]. Very soon they were followed by the high-wheeled Penny Farthing, or Ordinary. Although they were cumbersome and often dangerous due to their size, they were also very fast thanks to their larger wheels. The cyclist was also at eye level with horse riders, a not to be underestimated advantage at the time[5.Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 133. See about the dangers of cycling on Penny Farthings also Froitzheim, Thomas, Lüers, Arne: Radfahren in Bremen, in: Roder, Harmut (Hrsg.): Verkehr in Bremen, Bremen 1988, P. 41]. “It is said that the British and American visitors brought their bicycles to Bremen. Bremen merchant sons emulated them. (…) Soon there were so many Ordinary riders in the city that an association was formed among them. It is significant that German cyclists named their new association in 1881 the “Bremen Bicycle Club[6.See Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 134. See also: Meyer, H.W.: Die Entwicklung des Radfahrsports in Bremen, in: Werner, Willy (Hrsg): Amtliche Festschrift zum XIV. Bundestage in Bremen vom 6. bis 9. August 1897, Leipzig 1897, P. 35.]“ – in English.
The First Cycling Laws
The use of these early bicycles, however, was hampered by the roughly surfaced roads. Animal droppings made them slippery, and the often steep camber made them dangerous. So cyclists on their Ordinary preferred to use pavements and paths. This was initially banned in Bremen in 1869[7.Schwarzwälder: Geschichte 1810 – 1918, P. 484], but this changed in 1884 with the city’s first bicycle law (Velocipedenordnung)[8.Schwarzwälder: Geschichte 1810 – 1918, P. 484]. Remarkably, this allowed cyclists to ride on the footpaths of the Bürgerpark. The prerequisite for this privilege were cycling tests and license plates. This regulation marked Bremen out as exceptionally progressive. For example, in Lübeck and Cologne pavement cycling was forbidden. In Cologne cycling on public streets and squares was completely banned[9.Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 134 and 162].
“Ten cycling orders were issued in Bremen between 1884 and 1908. In 1887, the conditions under which cycling on footpaths had been allowed in the Bürgerpark (permission card and license plate), extended to all shared pavements. In 1898, the law establishing driving on the right hand side of the road was passed. 1907 brought the implementation of the administrative regulation of the German Bundesrat for cyclists (…). As a result, number plates for bicycles were abolished[10.See Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 141]. “And in the early 1890s the Bremen Police Department, replaced the word” velociped” with the word “bicycle” (Fahrrad)[11.See Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 142].
The Modern Bicycle: the Safety
In 1885 the “Rover”, or so-called Safety, was invented in England[12.Froitzheim/Lüers: Radfahren in Bremen, P. 41], known in Germany as the “low bike” (Niederrad) due to its lower seating position. The rear wheel was driven by a link chain, and when this was quickly followed in 1888 by Dunlop’s air-filled tyres[13.See Schwarzwälder: Geschichte 1810 – 1918, P. 484], the modern bicycle as we know it had arrived. This bike was “modern, sporty, offering mobility and freedom, overcame borders and also had the glamour of the unconventional.”[14.See Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, P. 144]The modern Niederrad was an expression of the Zeitgeist, which questioned the strict bourgeois norms of the day. And once its production costs significantly undercut those of the Ordinary, the Safety would become an everyday means of transport[15.The Ordinary cost at least 200 Marks and war not affordable for the working class. The cheapest touring bicycle still cost more than 30 Marks in 1912, or twice the average worker’s weekly wage. Schwarzwälder: Geschichte 1810 – 1918, P. 484f].
Germany’s First Cycle Tracks
The early development of cycling was clearly supported in a special way in Bremen. Moreover, the Hanseatic city’s pioneering spirit was not restricted to the law:
“Bremen was among the first cities in Germany to establish their own tracks for cyclists.”[16.See Froitzheim/ Lüers: Radfahren in Bremen, P. 43]Interestingly, these were initially financed by the cyclists themselves. The German Bicycle Federation held its first national meeting in Bremen in 1897. “Prior to this event, Bremen cyclists organized a money collection for investment in cycle tracks. 5,000 Mark was raised, enabling the creation of several special bicycle paths in the Bürgerpark.”[17.See Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, S 154]Apparently the Bremen Senate were not keen to “splash out” on these first tracks. Within a year (by order of July 1898) they were building test cycle tracks – along Bismarckstrasse they created two good thirty centimetres wide strips in the middle of the road, whilst on Osterdeich two tracks on the sides of the road were built. On the Holler Allee and Park Allee, two riding paths were converted into cycle paths.”[18.See Reiß: Bremer Fahrradgeschichte, S 155]
There were obviously two main reasons for building cycle paths: “Many cyclists avoided bumpy roads and preferred to ride on smooth pavements. Cycle paths were built with the intention to avoid that.”[19.See Froitzheim/ Lüers: Radfahren in Bremen, P. 43]And the cyclists had to be protected from other vehicles: “These days breaks of motorised vehicles were not reliable, neither was this the case with carts and trams, to the effect that in dangerous situations they could not use their breaks efficiently or avoid other objects quickly enough. (…) So the improvement of safety was the second important reason for the installation of cycle paths off the roadway.”[20.See Froitzheim/ Lüers: Radfahren in Bremen, P. 43]
The first cycle paths along roads leading to the Bürgerpark or out to the countryside, were partly built at the level of the adjoining roadway, but the preference was for them to be elevated above the road. This was done not simply for cyclist safety, but also to protect the surface from animal cart induced damage.[21.See Graepel, R. and Fischer, M.: Strassen, Strassenbahnen, Strassenbrücken, in: Thalenhorst, Carl (Hrsg.): Bremen und seine Bauten 1900 – 1951, Bremen 1952, P. 535]
The situation in the inner city was different, where cycle lanes were built in the middle of the roadway. A number of these are still visible in individual streets in the Steintor district of the city. Both ideas – bicycle lanes in the middle of the road or on the outer edge – were discussed, and the latter clearly rejected. “Outer cycle tracks would be least advantageous (…) since parked carts in front of buildings would prove very disturbing for cyclists, and in wet weather the steep camber would prove slippery for the cyclist.”[22.See Graepel/Fischer: Strassenbahnen, P. 536]Because of these obvious disadvantages, one metre wide cycle tracks were built in the middle of the road. And where there was plenty of room, the cyclists were given their own cycle track, raised from, and independent of, the roadway.
Where the local authority chose central cycle lanes, they opted for a technology that is still of interest today: “In the middle of the roughly paved road, a few rows of so-called Mansfelder Kupferschlackensteinen were laid. These were specially flat, smooth cobblestones, and were much more attractive to cyclists compared to a road’s normal surface. Since the bikes at that time were the fastest means of transport on the streets, the strip was in the middle of the road; in this way cycle traffic was less hindered by parked carts”.[23.Miloschewski, Ivar/ Schwarzwälder, Harry: Das Fahrrad in Bremen, hrsg. Vom Senator für das Bauwesen, April 1980, P. 1]The smooth Mansfeld cobblestones in the middle of the road – laid offset if possible – were very practical for bicyclists. They had their own clear space, could claim priority on the road, and didn’t have to jostle with pedestrians on the pavement. But it is important not to take this out of context. In 1900, the bicycle was the fastest means of transport. Priority was given to it. Today this is not the case.
A lot of ideas were explored in Bremen, but Bremen was not only one of the first cities to build cycle tracks. It did so more comprehensively than any other city. By 1933, around 20% of its pavements had cycle tracks alongside them. No other city in Germany had yet reached 10%.[24.See Ebert, Anne-Katrin: Radelnde Nationen. Die Geschichte des Fahrrades in Deutschland und den Niederlanden bis 1940, Frankfurt am Main 2010, P. 407, FN 172]
Conclusion
In Bremen many influences came together: We have here a Hanseatic city in front of us with international contacts and as a result obviously a positive attitude to new ideas and technological progress, which was reflected in the ready adaptation of “Velocipeden”.
Bremen was willing to deal tolerantly with the needs of their bicycle riders. Even in the age of the penny farthing, cyclists were allowed to use park footpaths, and later also the city’s pavements. In other cities, such as the also Hanseatic city of Lübeck or around Cologne, this was forbidden.[25.Florian Reiß explores in a much wider way the Bremen mentality in general and about cycling. He describes the unavoidable conflicts between pedestrians and cyclists and the way the Bremen police and policy deals with this new means of transport “Fahrrad”. See our film “Das Vieh Scheut”]
And finally – initiated and funded first by the cyclists themselves – Bremen built the first cycle track, quickly followed by a number of types of infrastructure for cyclists: the conversion of bridleways, the raised, paved cycle track, the tracks on the side of the carriageway, and the flat cobblestone lanes in middle of the road.
None of this was standard policy in other German states. Thanks to that good start, Bremen is in many ways, today’s “Grand old Lady of Cycling”.
Literature:
- Ebert, Anne-Katrin: Radelnde Nationen. Die Geschichte des Fahrrades in Deutschland und den Niederlanden bis 1940, Frankfurt am Main 2010
- Froitzheim, Thomas, Lüers, Arne: Radfahren in Bremen, in: Hartmut Roder (Hrsg.): Verkehr in Bremen, Bremen 1988, P. 41 – 54
- Graepel, R. and Fischer, M.: Strassen, Strassenbahnen, Strassenbrücken, in: Thalenhorst, Carl (Hrsg.): Bremen und seine Bauten 1900 – 1951, Bremen 1952, P. 530 – 548
- Huch, Ricarda: Du mein Dämon, meine Schlange…Briefe an Richard Huch 1887 – 1897
- Miloschewski, Ivar/ Schwarzwälder, Harry: Das Fahrrad in Bremen, hrsg. Vom Senator für das Bauwesen, April 1980
- Reiß, Florian Nikolaus: Vom Radfahren in Bremen – Die Bremer Fahrradgeschichte bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, in: Bremisches Jahrbuch, Band 94, 2015, P. 132 – 162.
- Schwarzwälder, Herbert: Geschichte der Freien Hansestadt Bremen II, Von der Franzosenzeit bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg (1810 – 1918), Bremen, erw. Auflage 1995
References:
Hallo Jens, herzlichen Dank für diesen Tipp!!
Die Einladung zum 14. Bundestag des Deutschen Radfahrer-Bundes 1897 in Bremen findet man im Archiv des Deutschen Sport & Olympia Museums: http://sammlung.sportmuseum.de/radsport/einladung-14-bundestag-des-deutschen-radfahrer-bundes-1897-bremen/
Bremer Radfahrvereine von 1897 findet Ihr im Jahrbuch der dt. Radfahrer-Vereine, das in der SLUB Dresden digitalisiert wurde und nun auch auf Wikisource https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Seite:Jahrbuch_der_deutschen_Radfahrer-Vereine_1897.pdf/318 online steht, um die Volltexterkennung gemeinsam korrigieren zu können.
Zusätzliche Informationen und Quellen zu einzelnen Vereinen und Orten können auf der betreffenden Diskussionsseite vermerkt werden.
Hallo,
jüngst wurde die “Amtliche Festschrift zum XIV. Bundestage des Deutschen Radfahrer-Bundes in Bremen vom 6. bis 9. August 1897 / hrsg. von Willi Werner” in Bremen digitalisiert: http://brema.suub.uni-bremen.de/content/titleinfo/1710121.
Grüße!